Keith Wilson is a 72 year old man recently presented at the emergency department due to severe pain, following with pallor and numbness in his right leg below the knee. He was diagnosed with an acute episode of arterial embolism to his right popliteal artery. He has a history of malignant hypertension and arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease and has smoked 1-2 packs per day for 45 years before his present state of being nicotine free. Keith has 40 year history of heavy narcotic drug use related to a back injury. Keith is due for discharge home tomorrow morning. Keith is married but is estranged from his wife. He has three children but two of them live interstate so they could not visit him frequently. His 48 years old son, Daniel, is the only one who lives close to him and could visit him mostly on the weekend. The first paragraph of this essay is going to discuss about the pathophysiology, aetiology, risk factors, incidence and prevalence of the disease that Keith is dealing with, which is peripheral vascular disease. Furthermore, the second paragraph will analyse some of the common medications that are used in treatment of peripheral vascular disease and discuss about the new medication that Keith has just commenced on. And lastly, it will be discussing about some affective education techniques in relation to Keith's disease and nurse's roles in implementing those techniques to him. Peripheral vascular disease (PVD), also known as peripheral artery disease or peripheral atherosclerosis, is a disorder in which blood arteries are partially or completely blocked or narrowed therefore circulatory blood is unable to flow to an intended body part with the exception of the brain and heart in order to provide that body part with oxygen and nutrient and remove waste and carbon dioxide at the same time (Bhattacharya, Benmira & Banda, 2011). Therefore, the cells of the associated body part begin to die due to ischemia (Sillesen, 2010) .As the tissues are not receiving enough oxygen and nutrients, patient is likely to experience intermittent pain and this pain normally deteriorates with movement (Jeffrey & Brett, 2010). Peripheral vascular disease may result from a number of causes. The most prevalent cause of peripheral vascular disease is atherosclerosis, which is the accumulation of fatty deposit inside the blood vessels. Apart from atherosclerosis, there are many different conditions that could engender PVD including diabetes, thrombus, infection, arteritis, blood vessel defects or blood vessel spasm (Better Health Channel, 2011). Diabetes contributes to the damages to the wall of blood vessels. A thrombus is a blood clot that forms and remains within the blood vessel and results in an obstruction in that blood vessel. Infection, such as syphilis or salmonellosis, results in scar formation and tightening of blood vessels. Arteritis is the condition in which the linings of blood vessel become inflamed, reducing blood flow to the organs. Blood vessel defect is an abnormal narrowing of blood vessels presenting at birth with an unexplainable cause. Blood vessel spasm is the constriction of blood vessel following specific triggers, such as pollen or stress (Better Health Channel, 2011). PVD is more likely to happen with patients who have the risk factors including diabetes, elevated blood pressure, high level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) in blood, tobacco smoking, advancing age, history of cardiovascular disease, overweight or obesity, lack of physical activity (Foster & Prevost, 2012). Based on the st