A basic definition of punishment is that it involves the deliberate infliction of suffering on a supposed or actual offender for an offense such as a moral or legal transgression. Many harsh forms of punishment that were commonplace in the past, particularly those involving torture,   have since been outlawed as inhumane in most countries. One major liberalizing influence was a book called  On Crimes and Punishments  (1764) by Italian political philosopher Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), which drew attention to injustices within Europe's criminal court systems and the appalling condition of its prisons. The entire concept of criminal punishment, he believed, needed major rethinking, and society needed to shift away from severe methods to ones that would have a more lasting psychological impact on both the prisoner and the public. He writes, "The intent of punishments is not to torment a sentient being, nor to undo a crime already committed...Instead of being influenced by passion, such institutions should be the cool moderator of the passions of individuals . Can the groans of a tortured wretch bring back the time past, or reverse the crime he has committed? The end of punishment, therefore, is no other than to prevent the criminal from doing further injury to society, and to prevent others from committing the same offense. Such punishments, therefore, and such a mode of inflicting them ought to be chosen in a way that will make the strongest and most lasting impressions on the minds of others, with the least torment to the body of the criminal. Capital punishment is the practice of executing someone as a punishment for a specific crime after a proper legal trial. It can only be used by state, so when non-state organisations speak of having "executed  a person they've actually committed a murder. It is usually only used as a punishment for particular serious types of murder, in some countries treason, types of fraud, adultery and rape capital crimes. "Corporal  punishment such as flogging, takes its name from the Latin word for the "body . Capital punishment is used in many countries around the world. A conservative view of capital punishment is that it is at least sometimes morally justified and then it should be legal. The main argument for the Conservatives position are these, retribution, the death penalty is deserved and ultimately balances the scales of justice, incapacitation, death penalty keeps murderers from killing again, deterrence death penalty deters crime. The Criticisms of these theories suggest, while justice demands that murderers be punished, retribution is not an acceptable means of punishments in a civilised a society, murderers are not often repeat killers and the public overestimates this danger, this is no conclusive evidence that the death penalty deters, nor more than a long term of imprisonment. A liberal view puts forward that capital punishment is never morally justified and it should be illegal, they suggest to seek to abolish the death penalty and there challenges are, proportionality, the death penalty is imposed arbitrarily, executing the innocent, mistakes can be made in the criminal justice system resulting in innocent people being executed, radical bias, capital punishment is imposed with radical bias. Criticisms for the theories suggest that many states have the proportionality reviews to check tha