Although childhood trauma and later life violence and antisociality are generally associated with each other, research shows a scientifical linkage between the two. This occurs in the promoter region of the gene Monoamine Oxidase A (MAOA). This gene is also known as the warrior gene due to its effect of violence. However, this gene is actually the opposite of the gene of a warrior because low activity of it causes violence (McDermott et al.). In a study of human aggression responses, results showed that individuals with higher MAOA levels chose to partake in aggressive acts much less frequently than those of ones with higher MAOA levels. This was tested with the frequency of administering hot sauce to other "participants  (no real participants were stealing) who had been stealing their money. However, they had to pay each time to be able to administer the hot sauce (McDermott et al.). Not all childhood mistreatment induces antisociality, this is due to the X-linked gene MAOA. The abuse of children typically causes decreased levels, however, the likelihood of violence is not assured, it is only increased by 50%. This is because the frequency of MAOA can still increase which causes less violence. This breaks the circle of violence (Caspi et al.). The MAOA enzyme is used to inactivate norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine, which are neurotransmitters (Caspi et al.). People can have MAOA in different ways depending on the level of frequency of it. Some who are less violent have MAOA-H, which is a high amount of it (thus the H standing for high). More violent individuals may have MAOA-L (with the L likewise standing for low (Baum). In a study of mice, before and after experimentation the mice were completely normal in terms of the diminishment of MAOA resulted in aggression and increasing of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine (Caspi et al.). Childhood trauma causes this later violence as a study showed that the MAOA gene underwent