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The Genesis of Violent Behaviors

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“Violence isn't always evil. What's evil is the infatuation with violence.” - Jim Morrison Violence is an inevitable part of human life. Bearing in mind the most general definition of violence, understood as every act to pressurise other individuals in defiance of their will, it is even ubiquitous. Additionally, nowadays we have to face on-going increase in seriousness of this problem to the point that going to school is gradually becoming tantamount to experiencing violence. Recently, the amount of research concerning issues of violent acts among adolescents at school, has apparently increased. These days, teenagers are infatuated with violence. People are being constantly exposed and overwhelmed by brutality, mainly through mass media. This process leads to callousness, apathy and insensibility to human suffering. In this research I would like to discuss and analyse the problem of school violence, taking into consideration causes of and factors contributing to the genesis of this many-faceted problem. First of all, I am going to introduce various definitions of the concepts of aggression, violence and school violence in order to understand the topic well. Afterwards, I am going to present a few crucial theories on the topic of violence, regarding school violence among teenagers, and divide them into two groups , innate drive theories and environmental theories. The first group includes the instinct theory, the frustration theory and the psychoanalytic theory. Environmental theories include the social learning theory, the anomie theory and the differential association theory. Thereafter, I am going to focus on different aspects on the subject of violence at school, taking into account occurrence, characteristics of aggressors and causes of school violence, dividing them by factors which influence teenager’s behaviour: individual, interpersonal, community and wider society. Finally, I am going to concentrate on the consequences of the involvement in violent acts at school. Before starting analysing violence it is advisable to define it. To describe violence properly, it is worth to emphasize interrelations and differences between violence and aggression. It is worth mentioning, because of the fact that these terms tend to be confused, even in prominent publications. In Latin “gressus” means step, pace, movement; prefix “aggr” means to join. According to Webster's International Dictionary aggression means moving forward. Purpose of the movement does not matter. The intention may be both peaceful or antagonistic. Aronson gives a similar definition: ”If a drunk driver unintentionally runs you down while you’re attempting to cross the street, that is not an act of aggression, even though the damage is far greater than that caused by the beer bottle that missed.” (Aronson Chapter 6). Psychologists agree that aggression is a result of anger, and not all violence has the same cause. Aggression, is best characterized by the intention to harm or to injure others. A man preparing for a fight is showing the signs of aggression, though he is not yet violent and it is unknown whether he will become. Violence is aggression in action. The same man attacking other people, from aggressive person becomes violent one. Usually definitions of the concept of violence take into account three criteria: the type of behaviour, the intentions, and the consequences derived from violent acts. The most universal definition of violence is the one created by the World Health Organization (WHO): "The intentional use of physical force or power, threatened or actual, against oneself, another person, or against a group or community, that either results in or has a high likelihood of resulting in injury, death, psychological harm, maldevelopment, or deprivation. “Another approach to classify violence is according to the underlying motivation of the aggressor. A frequently used distinction is between hostile and instrumental motivation. The first one is defined as: “An act of aggression stemming from a feeling of anger and intended to cause pain or injury.” “If he believes his opponent has been playing dirty, he might become angry and go out of his way to hurt his opponent, even if doing so does not increase his opportunity to tackle the ball carrier”; Whereas the second one: “An act of aggression that intends to hurt someone, but as a means to a goal other than causing pain.” “In football, a defensive lineman will usually do whatever it takes to thwart his opponent (the blocker) and tackle the ball carrier. This often includes intentionally inflicting pain on his opponent if doing so is useful in helping him get the blocker out of the way so he can get the ball carrier.” (Aronson Chapter 6). Another term worth explaining is school violence. It is a type of behaviour that includes all the features of violence, but both perpetrator and victim are teenagers, and the violent acts take place in the p

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