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Borders of World Culture

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Although the "natural condition of the earth is borderless," (Popescu, 2012: 1), through culture, society has managed to create (b)ordering and ordering which subsequently can control people “both mentally and physically." What we imagine the world to look like is demonstrated by the commonly used map, with more than 200 physical borders dividing the world into countries for example, however from space it is evident that none of these borders actually exist “the cultural world has constructed them." These differing representations of the world, both mentally derived and factual, act as a useful foregrounding into the exploration of (b)orders, with us questioning whether the cultural world is primarily about this (b)ordering and ordering that we have created “with reference to youth cultures and nations. In the cultural world, these (b)orders mean things are often seen as "in place" or "out of place' in relation to belonging of aspects of culture to place, as described by Tim Cresswell (1996). This way of looking at place ˜creates social order and geographical borders' (Anderson, 2010: 51) as when certain traces/actions are made, it can affect the hierarchical system of culture and determine what people consider as ˜in place'. This connection between place and hierarchical systems/rules brings about the idea of (B)ordering (Anderson, 2010), as traces left help to establish order by determining what is normal/'in place' and the rules that people should follow. Those who create (b)orders depends on social status and power relations as this authority helps "influences the minds of people who live with and along the borders  so that they conform (Anderson and O'Dowd, 2006). Being a young person in today's culture is often considered to be hard, as they are often seen as ˜out of place' within mainstream culture since they are at an in-between stage “ between childhood and adulthood. Defining a young person is not the easiest task as there are variations in definitions: using age, characteristics or independence as factors. Even so, defining youths in this way is a strongly controlling factor over them, as it is considered to inhibit their ability to choose and means they can be excluded from areas by laws, for example, when are categorized biologically by their age. The variation in the definition of ˜a youth' is summarized by Skelton (2000: 82), as he recognizes they are "at one children (in full time compulsory education), teenagers (socially defined as difficult, moody, rebellious and trouble-making) and young people (celebrated as the future, full of energy and life).  In affect of the wide scale of their definition, youth culture is considered ˜out of place', with youth cultures occupy a ˜liminal place' “ defined by Bhabha (1994) as ˜in-between' and by Van Gennep (1960) as on a margin, or threshold. This can be interpreted as an uncertain and very unstable place within society in effect of this ˜liminal place', with youth cultures becoming an incredibly spatial concept with their lives being primarily controlled by ordering and (b)ordering. As a result of this liminal place, youth cultures often have problems with being seen as "out of place" and do not have a specific place in which they belong or can call their own. Not only does this mean they have difficulty integrating into society, but they are segregated through ordering and (b)ordering too, as they are "neither here nor there, they are betwixt and between  (Turner, 1969; 24). They are not considered to fit into the (b)ordering mechanisms created by the cultural world, so are seen to live between (b)orders. As they do not belong, they are forced to remain on the outside of society until they are considered an adult, where they can re-establish themselves within society. Due to this airy place within society, youths are seen to cross borders of other cultures, similar to those which Tim Cresswell (1988) used when looking into connections between culture and space by analyzing the challenging of what is consider to be a social normality or acceptable “for example through g

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