I chose Chapter 8 Investigation and Evidence Collection, because it’s a very interesting topic to me and could potentially interest me so much that I end up choosing a job field that uses these techniques. I also enjoy this chapter, because it deals with racial profiling and that is a constant argument in todays world, and because I’m also half Mexican, so I personally haven’t been racially profiled against, but I have a lot of family who has, and have been there in the car when situations have occurred. Also that investigation doesn’t necessarily have to deal with the work of policemen you could do investigative work in everyday scenarios when your trying to find out different things that you don't have obvious answers for. I also need to thoroughly comprehend this information, as I believe large portions of our final exam will cover this topic and I need an advanced understanding if I am to study well and excel on the final. The Development of Investigative Functions The Bow Street Runners were a significant first step in the movement of creation of the London Metropolitan Police, or law enforcement, as we know it today. The Bow Street Runners founded by Henry Fielding, and their job was to spectate on the activities of the townspeople and then act upon request. The method seemed rather inadequate as many local business’ and residents became responsible for preventing crime done to their own store, so most big companies hired a thief catcher to aid them in finding lost property. Similar to the way security guards are policemen during the day the thief catchers served as law enforcement officials, but would take private practice into their own hands for extra cash. Although, they were successful in finding lost property and returning it to the owners, they could not in fact reduce crime levels in the towns. Henry Fielding was later promoted to London’s Magistrate in a city that was running wild with criminals, he appointed a group of individuals to protect the city and prevent crime. Fielding sought out to reduce crime and the group slowly but surely found effective thief catching functions as a result of implementing new policies to catch thieves. With their continued success in 1790, the Runners became an officially recognized force of trained and paid detectives who continued to fight criminal behavior for nearly fifty years, and ten years after the Metropolitan Police Act. It was not long after the disbandment of the Runners that sir Robert Peel recognized the need to create an investigative division within the Metropolitan Police, recruited directly from the patrol ranks, and sought to encourage foot patrol to do better jobs as an incentive, so that they could receive promotions. Even in the United States the need for a detective function was recognized as a necessity early on. Thomas Byrnes was appointed as the first detective bureau chief for the New York City Police in 1880. The detective functions, as well as law enforcement in general, saw an increased professionalism with the application of science and technology. Criminal informants always remained a useful tool at preventing crime, but that close connection with the criminals lead to a thin ethical line of corruption. The Realities of Investigations Due to popular disbelieve the investigations you see on T.V and in movies like in crime shows such as CSI are a low ball description of the actual events that go on with taking on that job. Many of these shows focus on the chasing down and apprehension of suspects, but much less of the actual forensic science and real investigation, and the real life detectives are in good standing with many police departments, receive higher salaries and are able to choose their own work hours and aren’t required to wear a uniform. The Kansas City Response Time Study suggested that citizens take longer to report crimes to police than it takes the police to respond to calls. Additionally the likelihood of arrest is more significantly related to the citizen’s time to report than police response time. Given that 75 percent of crimes are discovery crimes, in which police respond well after the crime was committed. Involvement Crimes, in which the police arrive during the commission of the offense, account for only 25 percent of all cases. Clearance rate refers to the ratio of successful identification and apprehension of offenders to unsolved crimes. The results of the Rand study had similar impact on thinking about investigation as the Kansas City Preventive Patrol. Less than 3 percent of all Part I crime clearances can be attributed to special investigation techniques. Thus, 97 percent of all crimes will be cleared, regardless of what the investigation do. Recent research on homicide clearance rates in New York City shows a decrease in clearance rates over the past forty years, despite the increased testing of forensic evidence. In 50 percent of cleared cases, the offender was already known when th