Afghanistan has always been a difficult country to manage, with all of its tribal areas, differing views and ideas about how people should live their lives. With cities and villages separated from one another and from neighboring countries’ major cities, the exchange of ideas is not easy. So the ideas of modernizing and coming together as one united country is not always a palatable one to the leaders of these communities. Afghanistan has become a vacuum of modern conceptualization. Therefore it has become increasingly difficult to bring the country into the modern age. Every attempt has met with resistance and failure. But there was a time in its long history where a major effort took place to bring Afghanistan into the modern age. It caused a great upheaval in society that changed the course of an ancient civilization. Pushing the boundaries of how far Afghanistan can grow, and how the resistance to change can lead to violence. From 1919 to 1929, the country of Afghanistan was ruled by Amanullah Khan, son of Habibulla Khan. From early on, he had been influenced by his father-in-law, Mahmoud Beg Tarzi, editor of a Damascus newspaper and former bureaucrat in Kemalist Turkey. Tarzi has seen Europe’s modernization first-hand and realized that because the Muslim world had forgone modern science and the building of educational institutes that their society was in decline. He recognized that Muslims should modernize or perish. And that colonialism and imperialism must go. Amanullah Khan took Tarzi’s beliefs to heart and decided on a course of action which would take Afghanistan forward into the 20th century both socially and industrially. His vision included a modern road system to link cities within Afghanistan to neighboring countries to encourage trade. He began by drafting the country’s first constitution in which he instituted a number of social reforms. Until this time, only men were allowed to have an education. But his view was that women were capable of being just as productive members of society as men, that they were an untapped resource that should be used if Afghanistan were to be competitive on the world stage. Women having been marginalized in male dominated Islamic society did not have a voice nor the rights that men had. This, in his mind, had to be changed. So he decreed that women had the right to be educated. Article 68 of the constitution, agreed by loya jirga,