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The Polite Nature of Women and Men

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According to oxford’s dictionary, politeness is showing behaviour that is respectful and considerate of other people. “Politeness theory is based on the concept that people have a social self-image that they consciously project and try to protect” (Garcia, 2014). Firstly, the theory of politeness was expressed by Penelope Brown and Stephen Levinson in 1978. Brown and Levinson also defined negative and positive faces. As they were the initiators of the politeness theory their concept played a very important role in my research. In addition, there are many other people who were interested in this field. Therefore, the purpose of the sources review is to examine the academic context. This literature review will help to understand the basic theories and develop a deeper knowledge about this field. Nagwa Kassabhy, Zeinab Ibrahim, and Sabiha Aydelott in their book “Contrastive Rhetoric: Issues, insights and pedagogy” (2004) write about connections between politeness and linguistics. According to authors, women tend to use more polite speech, while having a conversation with others. Also, women usually form more polite questions in order to get information (2004). In addition, sometimes people seem impolite in conversation with women, but authors emphasized that certain people who are not well-mannered, simply do not know how to use politeness tools, but it does not mean that they do not respect us. Furthermore, Penelope Brown and Stephen C. Levinson “Politeness: Some universals in language usage” (1987) add to the same idea by highlighting women’s politeness. Authors claim that women tend to have “positive face” while men have “negative” ones. Positive face is strongly related with a person’s need to be accepted, liked, and closely related with others. Those who have negative face want to be independent. Robin Lakoff did “research attempting to describe the features of gender-differentiated styles, sparked off by

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