Scientists and their work underwent an evolution equal to artists of the Renaissance, during the Scientific Revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries. Scientists such as Galileo Galilei, Nicolaus Copernicus, and Isaac Newton proved to be influential and revolutionary. The work of the aforementioned scientists was both positively and negatively affected by the social, political, and religious factors of the time. During the 16th and 17th centuries, the Church had great control over science, especially ideas that would oppose the teachings of the Bible. Copernicus was ostracized for his heliocentric model, and as a result in a later publication Copernicus writes to Pope Paul III, “It is to your Holiness rather than to anyone else that I have chosen to dedicate these studies of mine” (Doc 1). Copernicus views the Pope as very powerful, therefore Copernicus writes this to gain the Pope’s support in order for his work to be more successful. This depicts how the Catholic Church negatively affected these scientists because Copernicus had to appease the Pope to make sure he was not attacked. Even when scientists appeased to the Pope, local clergymen were even more aggressive in their attacks on scientists. As seen in Doc 3., Giovanni Ciampoli, an Italian monk, writes angrily to Galileo, “It is indispensable, therefore, to remove the possibility of malignant rumors by repeatedly showing your willingness to defer to the authority of those who have jurisdiction over the human intellect, in matters of the interpretation of Scripture.” This document shows the true, unfiltered attitude of clergymen towards scientists because unlike the Pope, Giovanni did not need to seem “politically correct” when writing to Galileo, he could truly speak his mind. Doc 3 also illustrates how religion, on a larger scale, could negatively affect and control the work of scientists. This level of control is depicted by scientists who still based science on r