Tuberculosis (TB), the second-greatest killer worldwide, results from an infectious agent known as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. This pathogen has the power to remain concealed in the body for decades, and become resistant to powerful antibiotics. The disease is characterized by slow replication time, latent infection, and requires long courses of antibiotics for treatment. Although any tissue site can be infected, the most common form of TB is pulmonary tuberculosis, where the principal site of infection is the lung (Allman, 2007). Mycobacterium tuberculosis results in cavitation in lung tissue, promotes scarring, and over time, compromises lung function (Herchline and Amorosa, 2014). Oxygen is necessary for all metabolic processes in the human species. The primary function of the respiratory system is gas exchange, which delivers oxygen from the atmosphere to the body and removes carbon dioxide. The respiratory system is made up of muscles of respiration as well as conducting airways and lung tissue (NIH, 2012). When humans inhale oxygen, it travels down a series of passageways. Air flows down the trachea, which forks into two bronchi, whose two branches split into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles. The bronchioles end in tiny air sac bunches called alveoli (Simon et al, 2013). These abundant air sacs located in the lungs are a primary target of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Alveoli are made up of epithelial cells (type one and type two), capillaries, connective tissue, and alveolar macrophages. The inner lining of epithelial cells are intimately connected with a web of capillaries to facilitate gas exchange (Simon et al, 2013). Excess fluid from the alveolar capillaries is drained by the lymphatic system to regional lymph nodes, which are located in different parts of the lungs (Herchline and Amorosa, 2014). The other cell types in the alveoli are macrophages, which are cells of the immune system. The alveolar capillary membrane is the site of gas exchange. When oxygen moves into the lungs, it diffuses across the surrounding capillaries of an alveolus to enter the bloodstream. Meanwhile, carbon dioxide disperses from the blood in the capillary to the alveoli. Finally, this carbon dioxide in the alveoli is exhaled (Simon et al, 2013).   Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is an aerobic, stationary, intracellular rod measuring 0.2-0.5 ?m by 2-4 ?m. Its cell walls contain an abundance of lipids, glycolipids (lipids with a carbohydrate group), and waxes, which resist attack by immune cells. Mycobacterium tuberculosis from an infected individual spreads during coughing and sneezing through aerosolized droplets. Once the Mycobacterium tuberculosis are inhaled, they travel down the trachea and bronchi, where they eventually land on the terminal airspaces of the lung. This well-oxygenated location is a prime spot for proliferation, and the mycobacteria start to multiply (Herchline and Amorosa, 2003). Mycobacterium tuberculosis then triggers a cell-mediated immune response. The characteristic immune response results in changes in lung tissue, known as a granuloma. Meanwhile, the mycobacteria are ingested by alveolar macrophages, but are resistant to complete destruction due to their