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Leviathan by Thomas Hobbes

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In a society, the absence of a unified and total power invites chaos and discord among people because they have lost the source dependency and fear towards a superior figure. This sense of total power can exist in the form of a sovereign possessing unlimited power vest upon and by the people under an agreement. Real life instances demonstrated that where a government system crumbles, the people deteriorate into a ‘state of nature’ in which every life of a man is at risk and the tendency of entering a state of war is high. Chiefly, the existence of a sovereign conserves peace because he or she pulls man out of the horrendous state of nature by eliminating sources of fear for one another and creates a fully legitimate authoritative figure which enables the concept of justice to be deliberated and exercised in totality upon society to ensure guaranteed protection in the future by punishing violators of law. In this paper, I will discuss the necessity for a government to have unlimited power in the first section and proceed to address possible objections of possessing an unlimited legitimate authority where sovereigns are inclined to neglect his citizens and create wars against other nations and its aftermath that make lives for civilians agonizing in the second section. In the last section, I would readdress the argument by stating the ultimate reason of having a government as opposed to none. The strong element of fear stemming from humanistic pride, diffidence and competition present in the state of nature is seen to dictate man’s thoughts and actions towards another even to an extent of committing pre-emptive strikes to conserve their own continued existence that could even violate the Laws of Nature set by God. Thus, a proper establishment of a sovereign makes people eliminate their reasons to fear. For example, man has no reason to fear that another man might attempt to make pre-emptive strikes to injure him because he knows that if that man did so, he would be punished by the sovereign. The legitimacy of power vested in the sovereign is built upon an agreement by submitting the unlimited freedom in man’s natural state to the sovereign in exchange of his protection (Ch. xvii, Para 13). The consent of the people activates the validity of power of a sovereign to eliminate such fears to create peace. The sovereign can enforce laws on those who violate the covenant where man essentially pledges with one another to not commit offenses jeopardizing common peace. A strong sense of authority is essential to create a hierarchical power gap between men to keep them busy from fighting with each other thus “keeping them all in awe” stated by Hobbes is achieved by the existence of a more dominant yet fearful figure (Ch. xiii, Para 8). This is because man innately value his life the most and he would resort to any means necessary to conserve it even if it means to surrender his own freedom and demonstrate obedience to a sovereign. Rationally a man would think this will increase his chance of survival as compared to be in a state of nature. People no longer need to fear having to compete to gain shelter and food for survival because the sovereign gives assurance of security by providing enough sustenance available to everyone by law enforcement that would prohibit anyone who tries to maximize their gain for selfish reasons

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